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Nova (laser)
Nova was a high-power laser built at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in 1984 which conducted advanced inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments until its dismantling in 1999. Nova was the first ICF experiment built with the intention of reaching "ignition", a chain reaction of nuclear fusion that releases a large amount of energy. Although Nova failed in this goal, the data it generated clearly defined the problem as being mostly a result of magnetohydrodynamic instability, leading to the design of the National Ignition Facility, Nova's successor. Nova also generated considerable amounts of data on high-density matter physics, regardless of the lack of ignition, which is useful both in fusion power and nuclear weapons research.
==Background==
Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) devices use ''drivers'' to rapidly heat the outer layers of a ''target'' in order to compress it. The target is a small spherical pellet containing a few milligrams of fusion fuel, typically a mix of deuterium and tritium. The heat of the laser burns the surface of the pellet into a plasma, which explodes off the surface. The remaining portion of the target is driven inwards due to Newton's Third Law, eventually collapsing into a small point of very high density. The rapid blowoff also creates a shock wave that travels towards the center of the compressed fuel. When it reaches the center of the fuel and meets the shock from the other side of the target, the energy in the shock wave further heats and compresses the tiny volume around it. If the temperature and density of that small spot can be raised high enough, fusion reactions will occur.〔("How NIF works" ), ''Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory''. Retrieved on October 2, 2007.〕
The fusion reactions release high-energy particles, some of which (primarily alpha particles) collide with the high density fuel around it and slow down. This heats the fuel further, and can potentially cause that fuel to undergo fusion as well. Given the right overall conditions of the compressed fuel—high enough density and temperature—this heating process can result in a chain reaction, burning outward from the center where the shock wave started the reaction. This is a condition known as ''ignition'', which can lead to a significant portion of the fuel in the target undergoing fusion, and the release of significant amounts of energy.〔Per F. Peterson, ("Inertial Fusion Energy: A Tutorial on the Technology and Economics" ), ''University of California, Berkeley'', 1998. Retrieved on May 7, 2008.〕
To date most ICF experiments have used lasers to heat the targets. Calculations show that the energy must be delivered quickly in order to compress the core before it disassembles, as well as creating a suitable shock wave. The energy must also be focused extremely evenly across the target's outer surface in order to collapse the fuel into a symmetric core. Although other "drivers" have been suggested, notably heavy ions driven in particle accelerators, lasers are currently the only devices with the right combination of features.〔Per F. Peterson, ("How IFE Targets Work" ), ''University of California, Berkeley'', 1998. Retrieved on May 8, 2008.〕〔Per F. Peterson, ("Drivers for Inertial Fusion Energy" ), ''University of California, ''Berkeley'', 1998. Retrieved on May 8, 2008.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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